Championed by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman John Roy Lynch and signed by Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed equal access to inns, public conveyances, theaters, and other places of public amusement regardless of race. It was the last major civil-rights statute Congress would pass for eighty-nine years. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Supreme Court struck the public-accommodations sections down, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment reached only state action, not private discrimination. Congress did not revisit the field until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which grounded public-accommodations coverage in the Commerce Clause to avoid the 1883 problem.