Signed by Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments declares that 'no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.' Its most visible effect was in scholastic athletics, where female participation grew from roughly 300,000 in 1972 to more than 3 million a generation later. The Supreme Court has read Title IX to reach sexual harassment (Gebser, Davis) and — following Bostock — the Biden and Trump administrations have taken opposing positions on whether it reaches gender identity.