Signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 5, 1935, the Wagner Act declared collective bargaining a matter of federal policy, guaranteed most private-sector workers the right to form unions and bargain collectively, and prohibited a list of employer 'unfair labor practices.' The National Labor Relations Board was created to conduct union elections and adjudicate disputes. The Supreme Court upheld the Act in NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel (1937), a decisive Commerce Clause ruling. The Wagner Act's employer-oriented tilt was rebalanced by the Taft–Hartley Act (1947), which added union unfair-labor-practice categories and permitted state right-to-work laws.