Signed by Calvin Coolidge on May 26, 1924, the Johnson–Reed Act capped total annual immigration and allocated national-origin quotas based on the ethnic composition of the U.S. population in 1890 — deliberately chosen to disfavor Southern and Eastern Europeans and to exclude Asians entirely (though Western Hemisphere immigration remained unrestricted). The Act shaped American demographic policy for four decades and had devastating consequences during the 1930s, when Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany found visa quotas closed. It was replaced by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.