Signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years and declared that no Chinese immigrant could ever be naturalized as a U.S. citizen. It was extended, expanded, and made permanent in subsequent legislation before finally being repealed by the Magnuson Act in 1943. The Supreme Court upheld the Act in Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889), inventing the 'plenary power doctrine' that continues to grant Congress and the executive extraordinary latitude in immigration matters. The Exclusion Act is the paradigmatic example of federal legislation designed to draw an explicit racial line at the border, and its repudiation was not codified until Hart–Celler in 1965.