The Court struck down New York's 'may issue' concealed-carry regime, which required applicants to show a special need. Justice Thomas's majority also refashioned Second Amendment doctrine: gun regulations must be justified by reference to the Nation's 'historical tradition of firearm regulation,' displacing the tiered-scrutiny framework courts had used since Heller. Bruen triggered a wave of successful challenges to modern firearms laws whose closest historical analogues are difficult to identify.