In a fractured decision, Chief Justice Roberts joined the liberals to save the ACA's individual mandate as a valid exercise of Congress's taxing power, even while agreeing that it could not be sustained under the Commerce Clause. He also joined a different majority to hold that Congress could not compel states to expand Medicaid by threatening loss of all existing Medicaid funds. NFIB is a landmark for both the ACA's survival and its imposition of new limits on federal spending-clause coercion of the states.