Ernesto Miranda confessed to kidnapping and rape after two hours of police questioning without being advised of his rights. Chief Justice Warren, writing for a 5–4 majority, held that custodial interrogation is inherently coercive and that suspects must be warned, before questioning, of their right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and of their right to counsel — appointed if they cannot afford one. Statements taken without these warnings are inadmissible. Miranda triggered fierce backlash and repeated congressional efforts to override it, but the Court reaffirmed it as a constitutional (not merely prophylactic) rule in Dickerson v. United States (2000). The 'Miranda warning' is now among the most recognizable pieces of American law, absorbed into police training and popular culture worldwide.